Val's Take/Conjecture Hansen's Disease is the modern name for "Leprosy." Leprosy was a disease known from ancient times and it is mentioned in the Bible -- Jesus healing many people with leprosy. ​Faith healers were common in the time of Jesus. See Wikipedia:  History of Leprosy And there have been modern faith healers such as Oral Roberts. It is at least arguable that the Social Stigma of Leprosy was greater than Mental Illness.  Leprosy also was often quite visible and seen as a punishment of the Gods. ​ Today, leprosy is curable with an MDT -- multi-drug therapy.   There appear to still be issues, but things are a lot better than they were. ​Neuro-Developmental & Psychiatric Disorders​ Researchers more and more recognize INFLAMMATION as a kind of UNIVERSAL LANGUAGE. ​Inflammation–Nature's Way to Efficiently Respond to All Types of Challenges: Implications for Understanding and Managing “the Epidemic” of Chronic Diseases (2018) Shared Genes & Psychiatric Disorders Environmental Toxins & Mental Health There's also Trauma and Intergenerational Trauma that effects us biologically. ​ On top of this, Neuro-Developmental and Psychiatric Disorders are now conceptualized as Multi-System, Neuro-Immune Disorders. Further, most chronic diseases do have psychiatric symptoms. Genetic correlation and causal associations between psychiatric disorders and lung cancer risk (2024) ​"These causal associations are unlikely to be mediated solely via smoking." Relation Between Diabetes and Psychiatric Disorders (2022) Psychiatric symptoms in multiple sclerosis: a biological perspective on synaptic and network dysfunction (2023) Psychiatric hospitalizations in a cohort of Danish polio patients (2007) ​Chronic pain and comorbid posttraumatic stress disorder: Potential mechanisms, conceptualizations, and interventions (2025) Patterns and prevalence of psychiatric morbidity among individuals with rheumatoid arthritis (2024) ​"Psychiatric morbidity is associated with RA [Rheumatoid Arthritis] and there is a need for psychiatric services to be made available to these patients." The impact of autoimmune thyroid disease on cognitive and psychiatric disorders: focus on clinical, pre-clinical and molecular studies (2025) Psychiatric and cognitive symptoms of Parkinson's disease: A life's tale  (2025) Demyelination in psychiatric and neurological disorders: Mechanisms, clinical impact, and novel therapeutic strategies (2025)​

​Underwood & Underwood Publishers "Unclean! Unclean!  Wretched Lepers Outside of Jerusalem"  (1891) also written in French, German, Spanish, Swedish and Russian ​I've viewed this picture along with others of Jerusalem many, many times through a Stereoscope that gave a 3-D effect. It was originally my paternal great, grandfather's who I never knew. He was a linguist and also likely had "bipolar disorder." He gave up his academic post to become one with the land--a farmer --- of which he knew nothing about. My great grandmother gave music lessons to keep the family from starving -- she died of cancer and was treated at the Mayo Clinic before her death.​ ​Auto-Immune Disease, Polio and Parkinson's Further, I don't just have a family history of mental illness  and cancer, but also auto-immune disease, polio and neuro-degenerative disease. Transgenerational consequences of maternal immune activation (2020) ​Val's Take/Conjecture Psychiatric Disorders are not uncommon in a wide-range of health issues and across the lifespan. The Biopsychosocial Model of the 1970s advocated for a more HOLISTIC view. ​Ironically, the BIOLOGY was actually given short shrift because they didn't have access to it -- or they thought what they had access to was more than it was. We are undergoing a BIOLOGICAL RESEARCH REVOLUTION that is INTEGRATING Developmental, Physical & Mental Health.

Val's Take ​Those of us living now will not see the full benefit of research on Neuro-Developmental and Psychiatric Disorders that is such a long- term, multi-generational effort. In 2025, most people can live in the Community with current treatment but some can't. It's time to get rid of Medicaid's Exclusion of Payment for Institutes of Mental Disease (IMD) Rule while also: Bringing Intensive Community Supports to Scale. I posted the study to the right because it represents a different take on the research. The point is not so much the Conclusion --- as that the researchers are still working on this and it is not done. On the other hand, we have plenty of people with Schizophrenia and other Neuro-Developmental and Psychiatric Disorders incarcerated. We have substantial reason to believe we are punishing people for a not sympathetic underlying biology. It's not like we're not doing anything, but we're not doing enough.

Genetic contribution to microglial activation in schizophrenia (2024) "We conclude that microglia of the patients with SCZ (Schizophrenia) have gene expression aberrations related to inflammation response and extracellular matrix without contributing to increased microglial activation."

Val's Take/Conjecture ​The article to the right addresses Translational Justice in Healthcare. When I'm referring to "TRANSLATIONAL JUSTICE" --- I'm generally referring to the need to appreciate the ramifications of Medical Research through a Criminal Justice Lens. ​Might also be Translational Justice in Criminology or Translational Criminology. Burden of Proof Nothing About Us Without Us: Criminal Justice Edition Inclusion: Nothing About Us Without Us

​Building Better Medicine: Translational Justice and the Quest for Equity in US Healthcare (2025) ​Affiliations 1Mayo Clinic. 2University of Toronto. 3University of Miami. 4Case Western Reserve University. 5University of Pennsylvania. 6ETH Zurich. 7Stanford University.

​Val's Take/Conjecture The Connection between ADHD and greater risk of Criminal Justice involvement has been around at least since the 1990s. Sweden led this at one point. ​There has been more and more work on this in the UK and with this latest 2025 article in the International Journal of Law & Psychiatry --- Italy. It does seem that European academic articles and government reports are asking more interesting questions: What should the law be? What should the range of services be? ​ American Academic articles can get bogged down in the finer points of Not Guilty by Reason of Insanity and Competency --- We can' ignore current law. But we need to be thinking about what "ought to be" not just what "is." On the other hand, the American Legal System by and large would be happy to hand over the oversight of Defendants with various aspects of "ADHD" and "Co-Morbidities" to the Public Health System ---- Not only are the RESOURCES not there to handle that in PUBLIC HEALTH; The UNDERSTANDINGS are getting a lot better but they're not perfect and it's not clear that you can get out of some kind of "CUSTODIAL CARE" in every case. It's exceedingly inconvenient to know that there are actual biological mechanisms. Further, these "Social Concerns" affect people's biology, too and are often diverse forms of "Chronic Stress."

ADHD in adults and criminal behavior: The role of psychiatric comorbidities and clinical and sociodemographic factors in a clinical sample (2025) ​ [Italian Researchers] ​Conclusions: Adult ADHD, particularly in males, with combined presentation and in the presence of comorbidities such as oppositional defiant disorder and alcohol use disorder, is associated with an increased risk of criminal behavior. The findings highlight the need for personalized and multimodal interventions to mitigate these risks. ​Future studies should adopt longitudinal designs to explore causal dynamics and evaluate the effectiveness of therapeutic strategies in forensic contexts. Offending and clinical characteristics of adults with autism spectrum disorder: Experience at forensic psychiatry center in Türkiye between 2012 and 2022 (2025) ​ ​[Turkish Researchers]